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Explainer: Two new studies offer fresh insights into the performance of TOPCon solar modules, including a new degradation mode related to encapsulants.

Researchers from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) and the University of Newcastle have found that “hidden contaminants” in TOPCon and HJT modules can lead to a power loss of up to 16%.

Authors from Kiwa PVEL explore how and why they have seen that the test results on individual bill of materials combinations vary.