By Pierre Saint-Cast, Sven Wasmer, Johannes Greulich, Sabrina Werner, Ulrich Jäger*, Elmar Lohmüller, Hannes Höffler & Ralf Preu,, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany. *Now with RENA Technologies GmbH, Gütenbach, Germany
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art p-type monocrystalline Czochralski-grown silicon passivated emitter and rear cells (PERCs) fabricated in a near-industrial manner. PERC solar cells feature a homogeneous emitter on the front side, and an Al2O3 passivation layer and local contacts on the rear side.